However, the pervasive use of containers also leads to a wide-range of security breaches such as attackers stealing credentials, source codes and sensitive data from image registry and code repository, carrying out DoS attacks on application containers, and gaining root access to misuse the underlying host resources, among others. A typical container ecosystem includes a code repository (e.g., GitHub) where the container images are built from the codes and libraries and then pushed to the image registry (e.g., Docker Hub) for subsequent deployment as application containers. Nowadays, containers have become popular for application deployment due to smaller footprints than the VMs, their ability to start and stop more quickly, and their capability to pack the application binaries and their dependencies/libraries in standalone units for seamless portability. Recently, the use of multiple virtual machines (VMs) on the same physical server was adopted due to cost reduction and flexibility.
Traditionally, applications that are used in large and small enterprises were deployed on “bare metal” servers installed with operating systems.
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